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"Ransom is an unincorporated community in Nobles County, Minnesota, United States.Minnesota Department of Transportation-Nobles County Notes Unincorporated communities in Nobles County, Minnesota Unincorporated communities in Minnesota "
"First two frames of Episode I Julio and Marisol was a public-service advertising campaign which ran in the New York City Subway from 1989 to 1997. The focus of the campaign was AIDS and safe sex education, specifically urging the use of condoms. It was primarily targeted at young Hispanics, who the New York City Health Department felt were not receptive to existing outreach efforts. Publication spanned the mayoralties of David Dinkins and Rudy Giuliani, with Margaret Hamburg serving as Commissioner of Health under both administrations. Assistant health commissioner Ann Sternberg managed the series. Often compared to a steamy soap opera, the main story covered just a few days of real-time, but was released at an average rate of about one episode per year. The campaign's catchphrase was a line from the first installment, in which Marisol sobs, "I love you, but not enough to die for you". The series appeared in Spanish and English versions, titled La Decision, and Decision, respectively. Initially funded by a $60,000 Centers for Disease Control grant, it appeared in both print and broadcast versions, in comic book form, and printed on T-shirts. Cultural significance The campaign was most well known for the print ads that ran in as many as 6,000 subway cars. According to Adweek, the Julio and Marisol campaign spots were the subway's most frequently stolen poster. The Cooper Hewitt Museum has the series in their permanent collection, and it was featured in the National Library of Medicine's AIDS is Not Over exhibition. Health Commissioner Benjamin Mojica was quoted as saying, "The situations in the story are the kinds which people may see themselves in, situations which people can relate to". The series was so well known, it has been used as translation practice text in courses teaching English as a second language to Spanish speakers. There are also anecdotal reports of it being used for less formal translation practice. Target audience The first clinical reports of AIDS (although not by that name) were in 1981. Early cases were observed in homosexual men, intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs, and Haitians. By the mid to late 1980's, the virus that caused the disease was identified, the outbreak had grown into an epidemic beyond the original patient populations, and the mode of transmission was understood to be exchange of bodily fluids. Use of condoms was known to be an important tool for reducing transmission of the virus, but stereotypical behavior inhibited condom use in the Hispanic population. This led to an advertising campaign specifically designed to reach a Hispanic audience. Story line Julio and Marisol are two young lovers, getting ready to have sex for the first time. Marisol is insistent that Julio use a condom, but Julio resists the idea. The series follows the couple as they argued about the dangers of unprotected sex in the face of the growing AIDS epidemic. The action played out in slow motion, as new episodes were posted in subway cars over many years. Topics such as heterosexual HIV transmission, homosexuality, intravenous drug abuse, serial transmission through multiple sexual partners, and condom use were explored through frank discussions between the two protagonists and their circle of friends and relatives. = Episode I = Julio and Marisol are a young couple. They have not yet had sex with each other, but are discussing it. Marisol insists that Julio use a condom, but Julio refuses and storms out. = Episode II = It is later the same evening. Julio talks with his friends Marco and Miguel, and discovers that both of them use condoms. Miguel laments the fact that his cousin Anita has recently died of AIDS and her partner Raul is very sick, speculating that condom use might have saved them both. = Episode III = This takes place in parallel with Episode II. Marisol calls her friend Iris, who tells her about Anita. She goes to visit Raul at the hospital. Raul urges Marisol to protect Julio and herself from infection by using condoms. = Episode IV = Julio has left Marco and Miguel and encounters his younger brother, Luisito, with some of his friends. They are going to "see some ladies". Julio lectures them about condom use, to which Luisito replies that they learned about AIDS and condoms in school. We then see Julio, by himself, thinking how smart his kid brother is, and realizing he needs to talk with Marisol. = Episode V = The story continues with Marisol visiting Raul in the hospital. Julio shows up and apologizes to Marisol; they profess their love for each other and leave the room. Rosa then enters the room, and informs Raul that she's HIV positive. Raul is just asking Rosa if she's told Julio, when Julio and Marisol re-enter the room. = Episode VI = The story picks up in Raul's hospital room. Rosa is introduced to Marisol as an old friend of Raul's. After they leave, Julio tells Marisol that Rosa is just somebody he knew from the old neighborhood, while back in the hospital room, Raul urges Rosa to let Julio know she is HIV positive. = Episode VII = This shows Julio and Marisol early one day, apparently reunited. Julio leaves for work, and Marisol telephones Iris again. In this conversation, she discovers that Rosa was more than just a casual acquaintance of Julio's, but actually a past lover. Marisol realizes that Julio lied to her. = Episode VIII = Marisol confronts Julio about lying to her about Rosa. Julio protests that it was a long time ago, and Marisol says she wants to go see Rosa. Meanwhile, Rosa has seen a counselor and is ready to talk to Julio about being HIV positive. Julio and Marisol go to Rosa's apartment, Rosa tells them both that she's HIV positive. Marisol wonders if Julio is also positive. = Episode IX = This unpublished episode takes place after Raul's death. The thoughts of friends and family at the funeral are shown. A man wonders if he should get tested for HIV. Another man is determined this will never happen to him. A woman laments that Raul's womanizing and drug use finally caught up with him. A priest remembers Raul as an altar boy. The funeral director observes that he never had so many funerals for young people before the AIDS epidemic. = Follow-ons = After the end of the subway campaign, the Julio and Marisol story was continued in various forms. An untitled episode on the NYC Health blog shows Julio having a conversation with a HIV counselor. Julio has had a HIV test, which showed him to be negative. The conversation covers what Julio needs to do to remain negative, and touches on the fact that Julio's brother is gay. Julio calls Marisol to tell her that he tested negative. Production history The campaign was initially contracted to Conill, a Latino marketing agency, who determined that a photo- novella would be the best format for the target audience. Conill's contract only covered the first episode, with subsequent episodes managed internally by the Health Department using freelance artists for the drawing. Overhead strip ads, circa 1960s. In 1995, a new advertising policy was instituted for the subway, in which large customers could purchase all the available space on each side of a car. Previously, individual spots were sold, often to small businesses. This new policy left no space for the Julio and Marisol spots, and the series was halted, with eight episodes having been published, and a ninth one already prepared. The new policy reserved 20% of the cars for smaller advertisers, but it was felt that this would be inappropriate for the campaign. The New York Times reported that Ann Sternberg said, "she didn't want Julio and Marisol appearing among ads aimed at hemorrhoid sufferers or people with foot-odor problems". The series returned in 1997, when negotiations between the Health Department and the Metropolitan Transit Authority provided a path for the spots to appear in 60% of the subway's cars. References * HIV/AIDS in the United States Public health in the United States Sex education in the United States Advertising campaigns "
"Christophe Thivrier (16 May 1841 – 8 August 1895) was a French politician of working class origins who was the first Socialist mayor in France, and deputy of Allier from 1889 to 1895. At this time the industrialists of France were using dismissals and other forms of repression in an attempt to stamp out socialism, and workers were responding with strikes. Thivrier was uncompromising in his socialist principles, and was known as the "deputé en blouse" for wearing his blue worker's smock in the Assembly to the outrage of the bourgeois members. Early years 1841–74 Christophe Thivrier (or Tivrier, known as Christou) was born on 16 May 1841 in Durdat-Larequille, Allier, the youngest of four children. His parents were Jean Gilbert Thivrier (1809–1904) and Marie Anne Mansier (1799–1852). His father was from Néris-les- Bains, and worked as a farm laborer, in construction and in the mines. Christophe had to leave school and start work at an early age. He became a miner. When he was 28 he became a small building contractor, and later became a wine merchant. He was one of the founders of the labour movement in Allier. The "Marianne", a secret society created to fight the reactionary actions of conservatives, often met in his home. On 15 November 1868 he married in Durdat-Larequille to Marie Martin (1842–1932). Their children were Gilbert Alphonse (1869-1936(, Léon Martial (1871-1920), Joseph Isidore (1874-1944) and Louise Angéline (1879-1973). Local politics 1874–89 In 1874 Thivrier was elected municipal councilor for Commentry on the Republican list. He was reelected in 1878. In 1879 he became a supporter of collectivism, and on 21 January 1881 he was elected to the council with the entire list of workers and socialists. It was the first town hall in France to be captured by the workers party and the socialists. Thivrier defeated Stéphane Mony, the director of the Société de Commentry, Fourchambault et Decazeville, which owned the local mines, and a former mayor and deputy. A list was prepared of everyone who had spread socialist propaganda during the elections, including 135 miners. On 4 June 1881 they were all dismissed, and the workers went on strike. Another 300 were added to the list of "agitators" during the strike, and had to pass interviews to get their jobs back after the strike. 60 failed these interviews, and 67 were told they needed certificates of good conduct from their new employers before they could work again at the mines. Miners who had been elected to the local council could not find work and had to leave the district. Despite this repression, Thivrier was Mayor of Commentry from 4 June 1882, then district councilor, and gained huge support from the working class. Harassment by the prefectural administration against the workers' administration and government persecution prevented the Socialist Party from presenting a list in the elections on 1884, but on 6 May 1888 Thivrier was reelected in triumph and again appointed Mayor of Commentry. He was removed from office on 14 December 1888 for having sent an address of sympathy to the trade union congress in Bordeaux that he signed with his title of mayor. Thivrier's popularity grew, and in 1889 he was elected to the General Council of Allier. Deputy 1889–95 Thivrier was elected deputy of Allier on 6 October 1889. In his election manifesto he denounced the oppression and misery of the workers, and proposed social measures such as social support for the old and disabled, responsibility of company owners for workplace accidents, and a direct tax on wealth and income. At the request of the Commentry Socialists he continued to wear his blue worker's blouse (smock) in the Chamber as a symbol of the protest of the proletariat against the privileges of the capitalists, and a symbol of their hope of emancipation. He had campaigned as a Boulangist, but joined the Workers' Party (POF) after being elected. Friedrich Engels saw the elections as a success, counting Eugène Baudin, Thivrier and Félix Lachize(fr) as Marxists, and considering that Gustave Paul Cluseret and Ernest Ferroul were "bound to cast in their lot with the first three." However, Baudin, Lachize and Cluseret were never active in the POF, and Thivrier and Ferroul joined the POF after the election. A rendition of Thivrier's expulsion, with the socialist leaders ranged behind him In 1890 a strike broke out in Commentry due to the dismissal of 300 miners chosen from the most active socialists. Thivrier spoke out against the interventions and provocations of the army and gendarmerie in support of the mining company. Thivrier was a delegate of the French Workers' Party at the Congress of Lille and Calais (1890) and at the International Congress of Brussels. He was soon criticized by his party for his sympathy with the Blanquist Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC). His relationship with Jean Dormoy(fr) and the Montluçon socialists became strained. At the 1892 National Guesdist Congress in Marseille Thivrier raised violent controversy by defending the general strike. He resigned from the party soon after and led most of the Commentry socialist organizations into membership of the CRC. On 1 May 1893 the government ordered closure of the Labor Exchange (Bourse du Travail). There was a protest, and just after Édouard Vaillant had addressed the crowd the police charged the demonstrators. Thuvrier joined with Eugène Baudin, Jean-Baptiste Dumay and Alexandre Millerand in protesting to the government. Thivrier was reelected on 3 September 1893, holding office until 8 August 1895. In 1893 Henri Ghesquière(fr), a Guesdist leader, reported in La Socialiste Troyen that when Thivrier entered the Assembly wearing his worker's blouse (smock) he was greeted by an uproar among the bourgeois leaders. Ghesquière commented that, "... a clean blue smock has every right to be worn in the Assembly, as does a frock, because if clothes do not make the man, neither does the frock make the legislator." Thivrier's program in the 1893 elections included an 8-hour day and one day of rest per week, protection and education for children, equal pay for men and women, participation of workers in developing shop rules, nationalization of the banks and railways and operation of state factories by the workers. On 27 January 1894 Thivrier was temporarily excluded from the Assembly for having shouted "Long live the Commune!" during a debate on attacks on personal liberty. He was invited by President Charles Dupuy to explain himself from the tribune. He said that unlike the Auvergne deputy [Dupuy] he fully believed what he said. The session was suspended for half an hour and he was forcibly expelled. When the session was resumed Édouard Vaillant took up Thivrier's defense with a glowing eulogy of the Paris Commune. Thivrier resigned from his seat in the departmental council in 1890 to make way for one of his friends, was reelected in 1892 but was defeated in 1895. He died on 8 August 1895 in Commentry after a short illness. He was given a large funeral by the people of Commentry. The main street in Commentry carries his name. Publications Thrivier was Directeur de publication of the Socialiste of Commentry. While in the Chamber of Deputies Thrivier co-authored a legislative proposal. NotesSources * 1841 births 1895 deaths People from Allier Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes French Workers' Party politicians Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic "