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"Cranbrook School may mean: *Cranbrook Schools, an independent, co-educational, day and boarding school in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, United States. It is part of the Cranbrook Educational Community *Cranbrook School, Ilford, a co- educational independent school in Greater London, England *Cranbrook School, Kent, is a voluntary aided non-denominational boarding and day co-educational grammar school in Kent, England *Cranbrook School, Sydney is an independent, K-12 day and boarding school in Sydney, Australia *Cranbrook Education Campus, a state school in Cranbrook, Devon See also Cranbrook (disambiguation) "
"Auda Abu-Tayeh (Awda Abu-Tayeh 11 January 1874 – 27 December 1924) was the leader (shaikh) of a section of the Howeitat or Huwaytat tribe of Bedouin Arabs at the time of the Great Arab Revolt during the First World War. The Howeitat lived in what is now Saudi Arabia/Jordan. Auda was a significant figure in the Arab Revolt; outside Arabia he is mainly known through his portrayal in British Col. T. E. Lawrence's account Seven Pillars of Wisdom, and from the partly fictionalised depiction of him in David Lean's film Lawrence of Arabia. The Howeitat Lawrence recorded that the Jazi Howeitat had formerly been under the leadership of the House of Rashid, the amirs of Ha'il, but had since fragmented and that Auda had come to control the Eastern Howeitat, known as the abu Tayi.Lawrence, T. E. The Howeitat and their Chiefs , Arab Bulletin report of 24 July 1917, from telawrence.net Auda had taken up the claims of his father, Harb abu Tayi (? – 1904), who had contested the tribe's chieftainship with Arar ibn Jazi.Peake, F. A History of Jordan and its Tribes, University of Miami Press, 1958, p.212 Auda and his ibn Jazi rival, Arar's half-brother Abtan, diverted the energies of the Howeitat—previously settled farmers and camel herders—into raiding, greatly increasing the tribe's wealth but introducing a mainly nomadic lifestyle.Alon, Y. and Eilon, J. The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, Tauris, 2007, , p.34. Lawrence (in his report above) stated that the Howeitat were "altogether Bedu", but they had in fact only recently abandoned farming for nomadism. Tensions between them and the Ottoman administration had increased after an incident in 1908, when two soldiers were killed who had been sent to demand payment of a tax that Auda claimed to have already paid.Fischbach, M. State, Society, and Land in Jordan, BRILL, 2000, , p.48. Auda claimed that the troops were shot when they opened fire on him. Life Auda abu Tayi is considered a hero of the Arab revolt. For while Prince Faisal was the prophet of Islam, Auda was the warrior.Lawrence, Seven Pillars, p.169 T.E. Lawrence romanticized him as someone who epitomized everything noble, powerful and proud about the Bedouin, "the greatest fighting man in northern Arabia", with an impressive lineage of many generations of great desert Howeitat warriors of the Arabian peninsula. Lawrence wrote that > "He saw life as a saga, all the events in it were significant: all > personages in contact with him heroic, his mind was stored with poems of old > raids and epic tales of fights."The Seven Pillars of Wisdom by T.E. > Lawrence, As was customary in the desert Auda was known for his hospitality and generosity which "kept him always poor, despite the profits of a hundred raids". He claimed he had been married 28 times and wounded more than a dozen times in action. Legend had it that he had killed 75 Arabs by his own hand; he didn't even bother to keep count of the Turks. In battle Auda became a wild beast assuaged only after he had killed.https://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/auda.html He was hot- headed but always kept a smile on his face. Despite his fierce reputation he was described as modest, direct, honest, kind-hearted and warmly-loved. Auda lived in the desert near the Hejaz railway. He preferred the isolation which became necessary after he killed one too many debt collectors from Constantinople and the Turks put a price on his head. The desert landscapes were the exact areas Faisal and Lawrence needed to operate in to avoid close attention from the Turks. Lawrence wrote: > "Only by means of Auda abu Tayi could we swing the tribes from Ma'an to > Aqaba so violently in our favour that they would help us take Aqaba and its > hills from their Turkish garrisons." The Arab Revolt Auda's tribesmen were reputedly the finest fighters in the desert, which is why his support and assistance were vital to the Arab Revolt. Auda had initially been in the pay of the Ottoman Empire, but switched allegiance to Lawrence and Faisal bin Al Hussein. With the incentives of kicking the Turks out of Arabia, and the lure of gold and booty, Auda joined the Arab Revolt, becoming a fervent supporter of the Arab independence movement (apparently going so far as to smash his Turkish false teeth with a hammer to demonstrate his patriotism). He was repeatedly approached by the Turks with further financial inducements if he would switch to their side, but he refused to go back on his word. He was an Arab patriot and he would ride with Lawrence. He and his tribesmen were instrumental in the fall of Aqaba (July 1917) and Damascus (October 1918). Post-war years After the collapse of the Arab government in Damascus, Auda retired to the desert, building a modern palace at Al-Jafr east of Ma'an with captured Turkish slave labour. Before it was complete, however, he died in 1924 of natural causes; he is buried in Ras al-Ain, Amman, Jordan. His granddaughter, Maryam Abu Tayi, is a historian professor in Jordan. Portrayal in film and media He was portrayed in the David Lean film Lawrence of Arabia by Anthony Quinn as a complex character who blends together paternal wisdom and desert piracy. The depiction of Auda as interested only in financial rewards has been criticised, however, as he was a genuine supporter of Arab independence and was closely involved in planning the Revolt's military actions. Whatever the real motivations of Auda Abu Tayi, much of his presentation seems rooted in his sensationalised depiction by Lowell Thomas (and to an extent by Lawrence himself) as a figure of anarchic, primitive masculine energy deliberately set against the idea of British 'civilisation' (see also Orientalism).Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire, and the Imagining of Masculinities, Routledge, 1997, , p.184 Auda's descendants were so incensed by the portrayal of their ancestor that they sued Columbia Studios, the film's producers; the case was eventually dropped.Turner, Adrian, Robert Bolt: Scenes From Two Lives, pp. 201–206 Auda was also featured as a supporting character in Terence Rattigan's Lawrence-themed play Ross. The portrayal of Auda here is generally more well-rounded than in the film; he is shown to be a true Arab patriot, although he still retains fondness for financial reward. As Faisal and the film's fictional Sherif Ali were not present in the play, he served as the primary Arab character. He is also portrayed in 2009 Qatari film Auda abu Tayeh, which talks about his life in Arabia to Arab Revolt, and his death. Lawrence on Auda When Lawrence attended Prince Faisal's camp at Wejd, he arrived late on February 16, 1916, bursting into the conference hall. > "Auda was very simply dressed, northern fashion, in white cotton with a red > Mosul head-cloth. He might be over fifty, and his black hair was streaked > with white; but he was still strong and straight, loosely built, spare, and > as active as a much younger man. His face was magnificent in its lines and > hollows [...] He had large eloquent eyes, like black velvet in richness. His > forehead was low and broad, his nose very high and sharp, powerfully hooked: > his mouth rather large and mobile: his beard and moustaches had been trimmed > to a point in Howeitat style, with the lower jaw shaven > underneath."T.E.Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, pp.169–70 > "His hospitality was sweeping, inconvenient except to very hungry souls. His > generosity kept him always poor, despite the profits of a hundred raids. He > had married twenty-eight times, had been wounded thirteen times, and in the > battles he provoked had seen all his tribesmen hurt, and most of his > relations slain. He himself had slain seventy-five men, Arabs, by his own > hand in battle: and never a man except in battle. Of the number of dead > Turks he could give no account: they did not enter the register. His Toweiha > under him had become the first fighters of the desert, with a tradition of > desperate courage, and a sense of superiority which never left them while > there was life and work to do [...] but which had reduced them from twelve > hundred men to less than five hundred, in thirty years."Lawrence, T. E. > Seven Pillars of Wisdom, Wordsworth, 1997, , pp.212–213 Report by French Military Mission Sergeant Marcel Matte Sergeant Marcel Matte gives his opinion: > "The personality of Auda Abu Tay [sic] is much exaggerated: we are told > that: 'He had come down to us like a knight-errant, chafing at our delay in > Wejh, anxious only to be acquiring merit for Arab freedom in his own lands.' > This is obviously exaggerated: carried along by the style given to the > account, the author creates a portrait of this Bedouin chief far finer than > reality. The character, whom we saw several times at Wejh, was not of this > high calibre—he was a Bedouin, sly, wily and avaricious."Matte, Marcel Les > Nouvelles Littérairrs, 1963, pp.95. This article was re-printed in The > Journal of the T.E.Lawrence Society Vol XX (2010/11), No. 2 ISSN 0963-1747 > published by the T.E.Lawrence Society, chapter "French Eye-Witness Accounts > of Lawrence and the Arab Revolt, Part 2" by Christopher Leclerc. References 1874 births 1924 deaths Bedouin tribal chiefs Military leaders of World War I Ottoman Arab nationalists Arabs of the Ottoman Empire Arab Revolt "
"The River Tyburn was a stream (bourn) in London, its main successor sewers emulate its main courses but it resembled the Colne in its county of Middlesex in that it had many distributaries (inland mouths). It ran from South Hampstead, through Marylebone and Soho (St Anne's, Westminster) then ran through St James's parish/district and Green Park to meet the tidal Thames at four sites, grouped into pairs. These pairs were near Whitehall Stairs (east of Downing Street) and by Thorney Street, between Millbank Tower and Thames House. Its much smaller cousin the Tyburn Brook was a tributary of the Westbourne, in turn the next Thames tributary (west, on the north bank). A charter of AD 959 appears to mention the river, which it refers to as Merfleot, which probably translates as Boundary Stream, a suggestion reinforced by context, with the river forming the western boundary of the estate described.Citadel of the Saxons, the Rise of Early London. Rory Naismith, p131-132 Course Before it was culverted then taken as a sewer this brook rose from the confluence of two streams in the hills of South Hampstead, as the broad ravine between Barrow and Primrose Hills. Its main source was the Shepherd's Well near Fitzjohn's Avenue, Hampstead.Clayton, Antony. (2000) Subterranean City: Beneath the Streets of London. London: Historical Publications. p. 33. At Green Park the waters split into distributaries, creating Thorney Island on which Westminster Abbey was built.illustrations 1, 4 and the webpage of the Walbrook River page - a synopsis which cites these books: The Lost Rivers of London Nicholas Barton (1962) Subterranean City Anthony Clayton (2000) London Beneath the Pavement Michael Harrison (1961) Springs, Streams, and Spas of London Alfred Stanley Foord (1910) J. G. White, History of The Ward of Walbrook. (1904) Andrew Duncan, Secret London. (6th Edition, 2009) As the map shows, these again split in two, one in the then lower, thus typically Spring tide immersed bank, where Whitehall sits, the other close to Vincent Square, Pimlico, Westminster. Most of its catchment drains into soakaways in gravel soil, in turn into the chalk water table beneath or into the two-type and hybrid type of drainage set out in Victorian London. A related surface water drain underneath Buckingham Palace. In its depression run key (lateral) sewers which connect to Bazalgette's west-to-east Interceptor sewers. Marylebone Lane, Jason Street, Gees Court, South Molton Lane then Bruton Lane -- three of which defy the grid of streets, reflect where the stream ran. From its source at the Shepherd's Well near Fitzjohns Avenue in Hampstead its successor is Scholar's Pond Sewer southward along that avenue through the Swiss Cottage part of South Hampstead under Avenue Road to Regent's Park. To enter the park's perimeter the part-foul (combined) run is carried enpiped over the Regent's Canal then culverted. The Tyburn gave its name to the former area of Tyburn, a manor of Marylebone, which was recorded in Domesday Book and which stood approximately at the west end of what is now Oxford Street, where from late medieval times until the 18th century traitors were left following hanging at Tyburn Gallows. Tyburn gave its name to the predecessors of Oxford Street and Park Lane—Tyburn Road and Tyburn Lane respectively. An antiques shop claims that part of the river flows through an open conduit in its basement. Grays Antique Centre near the junction of Oxford Street and Davies Street claims that the body of water which can be seen in an open conduit in the basement of its premises is part of the Tyburn; it is undoubtedly close to the culverted course of the stream. The Londonist website describes this suggestion as "fanciful", as the modern Tyburn is a sewer. The stream's south followed Lansdowne Row, the north-east of Curzon Street then White Horse Street and the pedestrian avenue of Green Park to the front gates of Buckingham Palace (foot of Constitution Hill) from where one mouth used the depression of St James's Park Lake and Downing Street to reach two close-paired mouths. A third distributary is untraced in the building lines and street layout to Thorney Street close to Lambeth Bridge, whilst a fourth distributary forms the natural collect for a sewer pipe, King's Scholar's Pond Sewer, to the Victoria Embankment interceptor, saving it from discharging west of Vauxhall Bridge. See also * Tributaries of the River Thames * Subterranean rivers of London * List of rivers in England ReferencesExternal links Subterranean rivers of London Geography of the City of Westminster 1Tyburn "