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"The Initiative and Liberty Movement (, MIL) is a French Gaullist political association. History First called GIL (Initiative and Liberty Groups), it was established in March 1981 and became the Initiative and Liberty Movement on November 17, 1981. It was chaired by Jacques Rougeot, who was close to the Rally for the Republic (RPR) and president of the National Inter-University Union (UNI). General Alain de Boissieu, Pierre Messmer and Jacques Foccart also participated in its establishment. The MIL was born before the victory of the left in 1981. It tried "to prevent that, after having seized political power, the socialist-communists definitely put their hands on and minds on the structures of France", according to its terms. As Pierre Debizet said on TF1 on July 25, 1985, the MIL does not consider itself officially as a "resurgence" of the Service d'Action Civique (SAC). From 1986 on, its new cause was to liberate France from the "socialist stagnation". Pierre Debizet compared, in 1985, socialism to AIDS. However, the MIL struggled to take off, though it had several thousand members, including Alain Peyrefitte and the former Chief of Staff of the Army, General Jean Delaunay. Yet one thing was certain: despite low name recognition, everybody on the right knew the MIL. About the ideas of MIL in the 1980s, the historian François Audigier said: "The MIL is a kind of ideological laboratory, which crossed the diverse influences of the liberal right, a reactionary Catholicism and a rigid Gaullism. It used an anti-immigration, pro-life, defense of private schools and the rejection of left-wing values, a package that had nothing to envy to the National Front's program".Histoire du S.A.C. La part d'ombre du gaullisme, éd. Stock, 2003, p. 488 Today The MIL, now chaired by Christian Labrousse, who claims to be on the "civic right" a Gaullist and a patriot. Its emblem is the Cross of Lorraine. This movement is associated to the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). It is part of the UMP's right-wing and is a "Gaullist loyalist" organization as opposed to neo-Gaullism, which integrates neoliberalism and moderate centre-right ideas. The MIL is a "movement of thought" out of defending the common civic values (primacy of individual freedom, responsibility, duty and cohesion of society). Gaullism is for the MIL an inspiration. He considers that communitarianism, immigration and Islamism threaten the national identity of France, and that resistance is a civic duty. Pierre Clostermann, a Companion of the Liberation; Jacques Foccart, former head of Free France network and former General Secretary of the Presidency of the Republic between 1959 and 1974; Michel Habib-Deloncle, former minister of General de Gaulle; Pierre Messmer, a Companion of the Liberation and former Prime Minister and Maurice Schumann, a former minister and a Companion of the Liberation, now dead, were members of its honorary committee. Are also members of the honorary committee of the MIL * Jacques Boyon, Chairman of the Board of Directors of IRIS * Bernard Debré, UMP deputy * Xavier Deniau, former minister * Robert Galley, Companion of the Liberation * Philippe de Gaulle, son of General de Gaulle * Jacques Godfrain, former member UMP * Yves Guéna, honorary president of the New Century Club, * Hugues Martin, former UMP deputy (replaced Alain Juppé in Parliament) * Robert Pandraud, former RPR-UMP member * Charles Pasqua, UMP senator * Armel Pécheul, close to the Movement for France * Eric Raoult, UMP deputy * Jean Tiberi, UMP deputy In the 1995 French presidential election it supported Jacques Chirac to "escape from socialism" and repeated its support for Chirac in the 2002 election ("Chirac, the true Gaullist") and it supported Nicolas Sarkozy in the 2007 election. It opposed the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in 2005. ReferencesExternal links * Official website of the MIL Charles de Gaulle Conservatism in France Political organizations based in France Political party factions in France Factions and associate parties of the Union for a Popular Movement Anti-communist parties "
"John Payne (January 9, 1815 – October 23, 1874) was a Missionary Bishop from the Episcopal Church to Liberia, and the first bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Liberia. Early life Payne was born in 1815 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.Batterson, 161 He was the son of John Payne and Francis (Morris) Payne, both of Virginia. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1833 and from the Virginia Theological Seminary in 1836. Following his graduation, Payne was ordained deacon on July 17, 1836 at Christ Church in Alexandria, Virginia. He married Anna Matilda Barroll in 1837, and they both spent the next five years as missionaries in Africa, primarily serving the colony of African-American ex-slaves living around Cape Palmas.Moran, 39 Payne returned in 1841 to be ordained priest. Missionary bishop On July 11, 1851, Payne was consecrated Bishop of Cape Palmas and Parts Adjacent in West Africa. He was the 52nd bishop in the ECUSA, and was consecrated by Bishops William Meade, Alfred Lee, and John Johns. He spent the next twenty years in Liberia, before returning to the United States in ill health in 1871.Batterson, 162 During Payne's tenure, the Episcopal Church built five churches, two asylums, and a hospital, and ordained twenty priests.Burrowes, 77 As an outgrowth of Payne's suggestion that a theology school be built in Liberia, the Liberian legislature incorporated Liberia College in 1851.Starr, 170 During his time as bishop, Payne's wife died and he remarried, in 1858, to Martha Jane Williford of Georgia, another missionary. He returned to the United States in ill health for the 1871 General Convention, and the House of Bishops accepted his resignation. His successor, John Gottlieb Auer, was duly consecrated and traveled to Cape Palmas, but the same record of the 1874 General Convention that memorialized Bishop Payne's death in 1874 also marked Bishop Auer's consecration in 1873 and death in Cape Palmas the following February. Death and legacy Bishop Payne had the home he constructed after his first wife Anna's death, "Cavalla," dismantled, shipped to, and rebuilt in his native Westmoreland County, where he died. His grave was moved to the Virginia Theological Seminary (VTS) graveyard when it was constructed shortly thereafter, after the death of bishop John Johns, another distinguished alumnus. In 1878, a divinity school was established in Petersburg, Virginia to train African Americans as Episcopalian clerics, and upon its chartering by the Commonwealth in 1884, named after the late bishop. The school was ultimately merged with VTS, with which it had always maintained an affiliation. Its buildings in Petersburg closed in 1949, although now commemorated with a state historical marker. The VTS library is also now named in Bishop Payne's honor, and a section of its archives specializes in the history of African Americans in the Episcopal Church. NotesReferences 1815 births 1874 deaths People from Westmoreland County, Virginia Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America 19th-century Anglican bishops 19th- century American Episcopalians University of Liberia people Virginia Theological Seminary alumni "
"Thoiba Singh (born 1 December 1955) is an Indian field hockey player, who represented India at the Olympics and Asian Games. He played as a left-winger and was known for his speed and stamina. Today he coaches the Imphal Rangers, hockey team Hockey Union win: The Telegraph, 5 August 2008.Waiting for the next Thoiba Indian Express, 18 January 2005. Early life Born on 1 February 1961, in Imphal, Manipur, India, to Ksh. Giridhon Singh and Ksh(o) Maikoibi Devi, Thoiba Singh took to hockey early on in life, and soon found his natural talent in the game. Professional career He was a member of the 1988 Summer Olympics field hockey team in which India came in the 6th place. Other than Olympics, he represented India at Asia Cup 1985, 1989; Champions Trophy 1985, 1989; Azlan Shah Trophy 1985; 1986 Asian Games, 1990; World Cup 1986; Indo-Pak Test Series 1986; Five-nation 1988 and Indira Gandhi tournament 1987.Sports Personality:Ksh. Toiba Singh Imphal East district Official website. Presently working as Dy. General Manager, Food Corporation of India, Regional Office, Imphal, Manipur See also * India at the 1988 Summer Olympics References Food Corporation of India Official website External links *About Thoiba Singh from Sports-Reference.com Indian field hockey coaches 1961 births Living people Olympic field hockey players of India Indian male field hockey players Field hockey players from Manipur People from Imphal West district Field hockey players at the 1986 Asian Games Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics Field hockey players at the 1990 Asian Games Asian Games medalists in field hockey Asian Games silver medalists for India Asian Games bronze medalists for India Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup players "