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"The Great Western Railway Hawthorn Class were 2-4-0 broad gauge steam locomotives for passenger train work. This class was introduced into service in 1865, a development of the Victoria Class. Twenty locomotives were ordered from Slaughter, Grüning and Company and given the names of famous engineers. The remaining six were built by the railway itself at Swindon and given names previously carried by the Firefly Class locomotives that they replaced. Withdrawals started in March 1876 but the following year ten were rebuilt as 2-4-0T tank locomotives; the last survived until the end of the broad gauge on 21 May 1892. Tender locomotives * Acheron (1866 - 1887) :This locomotive was built by the Great Western Railway at Swindon. The name Acheron comes from a Greek river and had previously been carried by a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Beyer (1865 - 1877) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company. It was named after Charles Beyer, a founder partner in the Beyer, Peacock and Company locomotive manufacturing firm. * Blenkensop (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, this locomotive was named after John Blenkinsop, a mining engineer and pioneer of railway locomotives. * Bury (1865 - 1877) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company. This locomotive was named after Edward Bury of Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy. * Cerberus (1866 - 1877) :This locomotive was built at Swindon. Cerebus was a character in Greek mythology and the name had previously been carried by a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Dewrance (1865 - 1892) :Built by the Slaughter, Grüning and Company, it was named after John Dewrance, an early railway engineer. * Fenton (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company. This locomotive was named after James Fenton of Fenton, Murray and Jackson. * Foster (1865 - 1876) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, it was probably named after James Foster of Foster, Rastrick and Company. * Gooch (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, this locomotive was named after Daniel Gooch, the first locomotive engineer of the Great Western Railway. * Hackworth (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, This locomotive was named after Timothy Hackworth, a famous engineer. * Hawk (1865 - 1892) :This locomotive was built at Swindon. A hawk is a kind of bird of prey; the name was later carried by a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Hawthorn (1865 - 1876) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, it was named for the founder of R and W Hawthorn and Company * Hedley (1865 - 1877) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, it was probably named after William Hedley, one of the pioneers of the steam locomotive. * John Gray (1865 - 1876) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, named after John Gray, the engineer of the London and Brighton Railway. * Melling (1865 - 1877) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, it was probably named after Richard Melling, a canal engineer. * Murdoch (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company. This locomotive was named after William Murdoch. * Ostrich (1865 - 1877) :This locomotive was built at Swindon. An ostrich is a large flightless bird; the name had previously been carried by a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Peacock (1866 - 1875) :This locomotive was built by the Avonside Engine Company. This locomotive was named after Richard Peacock, a founder partner in the Beyer, Peacock and Company locomotive manufacturing firm. * Penn (1866 - 1877) :This locomotive was built by the Avonside Engine Company and named after John Penn, who served two terms as a president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. * Phlegethon (1866 - 1887) :This locomotive was built at Swindon. Phlegethon was one of the five rivers of the Greek underworld and the name had previously been carried by a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Pollux (1866 - 1877) :This locomotive was built at Swindon. Pollux was the twin of Castor in Greek mythology; the name had previously been carried on a Fire Fly Class locomotive. * Roberts (1865 - 1877) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company. It was named after Richard Roberts of Sharp, Roberts and Company *Sharp (1866 - 1887) :This locomotive was built by the Avonside Engine Company, it was named after Thomas Sharp of Sharp Stewart and Company. * Slaughter (1865 - 1892) :Built by Slaughter, Grüning and Company, this locomotive was initially named after Edward Slaughter one of its partners, but was soon renamed Avonside when the business changed its name to become the Avonside Engine Company. * Stewart (1866 - 1877) :This locomotive was built by the Avonside Engine Company, and named after Charles Stewart of Sharp Stewart and Company. * Wood (1866 - 1892) :This locomotive was built by the Avonside Engine Company. It was probably named after Frederick Wood, a railway engineer. Tank locomotives * Beyer (1877 - 1887) * Bury (1877 - 1892) * Cerberus (1877 - 1892) * Hedley (1877 - 1892) :After withdrawal, Hedley was used as a stationary boiler at Conwil Quarry from 1893, then was moved to Neath in 1905. It ceased work in 1914 but was not cut up - at Swindon - until 1929. * Melling (1877 - 1892) * Ostrich (1877 - 1892) * Penn (1877 - 1892) * Pollux (1877 - 1892) * Roberts (1877 - 1892) * Stewart (1877 - 1892) :This locomotive worked the last broad gauge train on the Falmouth branch on 20 May 1892, in company with Vulcan. References Hawthorn 2-4-0 locomotives 2-4-0T locomotives Avonside locomotives Broad gauge (7 feet) railway locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1865 "
"Charles Urban (April 15, 1867 – August 29, 1942) was an Anglo-American film producer and distributor, and one of the most significant figures in British cinema before the First World War. He was a pioneer of the documentary, educational, propaganda and scientific film, as well as being the producer of the world's first successful motion picture colour system.Silent nature documentary The Four Seasons (1921) by Charles Urban and Raymond Lee Ditmars, showing the cyclic changes in living nature through the four seasons with lyrical intertitles. Duration: 01:18:14. Intertitles in Dutch. Early life Urban was born Carl Urban in Cincinnati, Ohio, the second child (of ten) of Joseph Urban, originally from Ronsberg, Austro-Hungary, and Anna Sophie (née Glatz), from Königsberg, East Prussia. He lost the sight in his left eye aged twelve after a baseball accident. He changed his names to Charles after leaving school in 1882, then worked as a book agent across Ohio, before managing a stationery store in Detroit, Michigan. Career Urban first entered the film industry in 1895 when he exhibited the Kinetoscope in Detroit, Michigan early in 1895. He moved to Britain in August 1897, and became managing director of the Warwick Trading Company, where he specialised in actuality film, including newsfilm of the Anglo-Boer War. In July 1903 he formed his own company, the Charles Urban Trading Company, moving to London's Wardour Street in 1908, the first film business to be located in what became the home of the British film industry. The building, at 89-91 Wardour Street, still bears the name Urbanora House.https://www.flickr.com/photos/78112161@N00/7223737470/ In August 1903, he launched his 'Unseen World' film show at the Alhambra Theatre in London, featuring microcinematographical films taken by F. Martin Duncan. Scientific films had never before been presented as entertainment to a variety theatre audience, but the show was a considerable success, in particular the film Cheese Mites which features cheese mites crawling around on a piece of Stilton. 'The Unseen World' went on to run for an unbroken nine months at the Alhambra and confirmed Urban's belief in the entertainment value of scientific and educational films. Urban made many kinds of non-fiction film at the Charles Urban Trading Company, including travel films, war reportage, exploration films, sports films, advertising films and natural history films. Filmmakers who worked for him include Jack Avery, Joseph Rosenthal, Charles Rider Noble, Harold Mease Lomas, the mountaineer Frank Ormiston-Smith, George Rogers, J. Gregory Mantle and the naturalist F. Percy Smith. Smith made one of Urban's most successful films, The Balancing Bluebottle (1908), which featured a fly balancing objects such as a wine cork with its legs. In 1906, Urban made a 1,275-feet documentary film called The Streets of London. The film shows Londoners going about their business on a typical day. Urban's own website states that ten minutes of footage rediscovered at the National Film and Sound Archive in Australia in 2007 is from this documentary. The National Film and Sound Archive claims, however, that film expert Ian Christie has identified it as being part of Urban's 1904 documentary Living London. He also made fiction films, of which the most notable examples are the proto-science fiction films of Walter R. Booth such as The Airship Destroyer (1909) and The Aerial Submarine (1910). Among his other business interests was a French production company in Paris called Éclipse, which Urban founded in 1906, mainly to supply fiction films. His connection with that company lasted until 1909. He also established Kineto Limited in 1907, primarily for the production of scientific and non-fiction films. Kinemacolor In 1906, his associate George Albert Smith (1864–1959) developed a two-colour (red-green) additive motion picture system, which Urban launched in May 1908. From 1909 it was known as Kinemacolor. This enjoyed great success worldwide until 1914. Urban's most celebrated Kinemacolor film was a 2 1/2 hour epic With Our King and Queen Through India (1912), also known as The Durbar in Delhi, depicting the December 1911 Delhi Durbar which celebrated the coronation of George V. Kinemacolor companies were formed in France, the USA, Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Holland (with Belgium and Luxembourg), Italy, Canada and Japan. Of these the most prominent was the Kinemacolor Company of America, whose most notorious production was the unreleased The Clansman, a colour version of the Thomas Dixon story later filmed by D.W. Griffith as The Birth of a Nation. Urban had nothing to do with this film or with the Kinemacolor Company of America once he had sold the rights to Kinemacolor. He made Kinemacolor fiction films, with studios in Hove and Nice, including By Order of Napoleon (1910), the western Fate (1911), Santa Claus (1912) and the feature-length The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1914). He also produced a 33-minute-long Kimemacolor version of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1913, but it was very sparsely exhibited.Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. . Page 54.Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 108. . Urban's Kinemacolor business came to an end in 1914 after a court case was brought by William Friese-Greene, producer of a rival colour system, Biocolour, who challenged the validity of the Kinemacolor patent. Though Urban won the initial hearing, the verdict was overturned on appeal. Lord Justice Buckley wrote: The patent is I think invalid because it does not achieve the result which the patentee says it will achieve. The matter may be summarised thus: The patentee says his process will reproduce the natural colours or approximately so. Blue is a colour. He says: Drop the tri-colour blue; do not employ the blue end of the spectrum - blue or approximately blue will still be reproduced. It will not. The patent is consequently invalid. Although Kinemacolor could still be operated, it was no longer an exclusive and lost much of its commercial value. Urban made his last Kinemacolor film in 1915, and the last film to feature Kinemacolor was probably Saiyûki zokuhen, made in Japan in 1917. World War I During World War I, Urban worked for the covert organisation Wellington House and other British propaganda outfits. He produced the documentary feature Britain Prepared (1915) for Wellington House, which included Kinemacolor sequences of the British fleet at Scapa Flow. Urban was recruited to promote this film and other British propaganda productions in America, although he faced considerable resistance from US exhibitors who were resistant to any form of war propaganda. He worked with the Patriotic Film Corporation, formed by William Robinson to support distribution of what had been retitled How Britain Prepared, but he ran into trouble with the British propagandists when he tried to do a deal with William Randolph Hearst's International News Service, which the British viewed as pro-German and anti- British.Luke McKernan, 'Propaganda, Patriotism and Profit: Charles Urban and British official war films in America during the First World War’, Film History vol. 14 nos. 3-4, 2002 Another company, Official Government Pictures, achieved better distribution by use of more sensationalist advertising, but Urban's task became much easier once America entered the war in April 1917. He edited the classic documentary The Battle of the Somme (1916), making the crucial decision to release the footage in feature-length form rather than as a series of short releases. Urban continued to edit and promote British documentary films in America to the end of the war, editing the government newsreel Official War Review. He formed a new business, the Kineto Company of America, in 1917. Later life Urban remained in the United States post-war to re-establish himself as a producer of educational films through his umbrella company, Urban Motion Picture Industries Inc. He produced the cinemagazine series Charles Urban Movie Chats (started 1919) and Kineto Review (started 1921), and made the documentary features The Four Seasons (1921) and Evolution (1923). He built a large studio at Irvington, New York, where he planned to introduce a new color film system called Kinekrom, based on the earlier Kinemacolor, and to distribute educational films on disc using the Spirograph. However, his business interests collapsed in 1924 and he returned to the UK in the late 1920s. He died in Brighton in 1942, at age 75, in relative obscurity. References Further reading Luke McKernan, Charles Urban: Pioneering the Non-Fiction Film in Britain and America, 1897-1925 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2013), Luke McKernan (ed.), A Yank in Britain: The Lost Memoirs of Charles Urban, Film Pioneer (Hastings: The Projection Box, 1999) External links Charles Urban web site 1867 births 1942 deaths Businesspeople from Cincinnati People from Brighton British film producers American film producers Cinema pioneers People from Irvington, New York Articles containing video clips "
"Görlitzer Bahnhof subway station, seen from Wiener Straße Görlitzer Bahnhof is a Berlin U-Bahn station on the viaduct of the and . It is located in Kreuzberg, in an area that offers a wide range of nightlife but is also notorious for its riots on 1 May. History The station, designed by the Siemens & Halske company, opened on 18 February 1902 under the name of Oranienstraße and is still preserved in its original condition. In 1926, it was named after the nearby Görlitzer Bahnhof, one of Berlin's pre-war railway termini where southeastbound trains departed. On 8 February 1945 the eastern parts of the section were completely destroyed. On 18 March 1945 there was heavy damage to the track area. On 30 April 1951 Görlitzer Bahnhof was closed to passengers and in 1987 closed for freight. The name Görlitzer Bahnhof today is only used by the U-Bahn station. In 1981, it was renovated.J. Meyer- Kronthaler, Berlins U-Bahnhöfe, Berlin: be.bra, 1996 References External links Berlin U-Bahn stations Railway stations in Germany opened in 1902 Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg "