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"Oakmere hill fort is an Iron Age hill fort, one of many large fortified settlements constructed across Britain during the Iron Age, but one of only seven in the county of Cheshire in northern England. It is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Despite being a low-lying site, Oakmere is still considered a hill fort. Background Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC.Payne, Corney, & Cunliffe (2007), p. 1. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture.Sharples (1991), pp. 71-72. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated that "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction". Location and layout Although there are over 1,300 hill forts in England, they are concentrated in the south of the country, with only seven in Cheshire.Forde- Johnston (1962), pp. 13–14. There are two groups of hill forts in the county, each with three members (Maiden Castle is on its own in the south); Oakmere hill fort is in the southern group with Eddisbury hill fort and Kelsborrow Castle. Located at , Oakmere, in common with all of the hill forts in Cheshire, sits on part of the central ridge that runs north–south through the county.Forde-Johnston (1962), p. 23 A low-lying site, Oakmere hill fort is on a triangular area of land projecting into a mere, also called Oakmere.Forde- Johnston (1962), pp. 21-22. Today, the waters of the mere are below the defences at the south-western end of the site, with a gap between the edge of the mere and the defences; however when the hill fort was built the water- level would have been higher and closer to the scarp, offering the site natural defences. Ramparts were thrown up around the south-west and north sides of the site, creating an arc, and a ditch was created in front of the rampart. The bank survives to a height of and, at its deepest point, the ditch is now deep although it was originally deep; the distance between the inner edge of the bank and the outer edge of the ditch is .Forde-Johnston (1962), p. 21 The depth of the ditch is not uniform, indicating that either the hill fort was unfinished or perhaps bearing testament to an attempt by the inhabitants of Oakmere hill fort to re-excavate and deepen the ditch. The entrance to the site was in the southern end of the defences and is similar to the entrances of Bradley, Helsby, and Kelsborrow hill forts.Forde-Johnston (1962), p. 22. History In 1960, Oakmere hill fort was excavated by archaeologist James Forde-Johnston; the excavation focused on the site's southern defences and showed that the ditch was wide at its zenith and originally deep in places. The site has been disturbed and there are two modern breaks in the defences. The structure was made a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1995, giving Oakmere protection against unauthorised change. See also *Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (pre-1066) References ;Bibliography Further reading * Hill forts in Cheshire Buildings and structures in Cheshire Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cheshire "
"Marlin Andrew Stutzman (born August 31, 1976) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Indiana's 3rd congressional district, from 2010 to 2017. A Republican, Stutzman previously served as a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from 2002 to 2008, representing district 52, and as a member of the Indiana Senate, representing the 13th district, from 2009 to 2010. Stutzman was a candidate in the 2010 U.S. Senate election, but was defeated in the primary election in May 2010 by former Senator Dan Coats. On June 12, 2010, Stutzman won the Republican nomination for the general election and special election to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mark Souder, congressman for Indiana's 3rd congressional district. Stutzman defeated 14 other candidates on the second ballot by winning a simple majority (229) of the 400 votes cast by precinct committee members. On May 9, 2015, Stutzman announced that he would run for the United States Senate seat held by Dan Coats. He was defeated in the Republican Primary by Representative Todd Young. Early life, education and career Stutzman is a fourth-generation farmer who grew up on a farm located in both St. Joseph County, Michigan and LaGrange County, Indiana. He graduated from Lake Area Christian High School located in Sturgis, Michigan in 1994. He attended Glen Oaks Community College (in 1999) and Tri-State University, currently known as Trine University (from 2005–07). He did not graduate from either school. As co-owner with his father, Albert, he runs Stutzman Farms, farming in the Michiana area. He is also owner of Stutzman Farms Trucking. State politics Stutzman campaigning with Mike Pence in 2010 * 2002–2008, Representative, Indiana State House, District 52 * 2005–2008, Special Assistant, Rep. Mark Souder, District 3 * 2009–2010, Senator, Indiana State Senate, District 13 (includes Kosciusko, LaGrange, Noble, Steuben and DeKalb counties) First elected to the Indiana House of Representatives in 2002 at the age of 26, Stutzman served as the youngest member of the legislature until 2006. In 2009, he was elected to the Indiana Senate representing the 13th district. He ran for the Republican nomination for the 2010 U.S. Senate election in a bid to replace retiring incumbent Evan Bayh. ;Committees * Commerce, Public Policy & Interstate Cooperation * Pensions & Labor * Utilities & Technology – Ranking Member * Natural Resources ;Legislation * Alternative Energy Incentive – Sponsor 2009 * Reduce Government Inefficiencies & Waste – Co-Author 2002 * Truth in Sentencing Amendment – Author * Military Family Relief Fund – Author 2007 * SB 528: Indiana School Scholarship Tax Credit – Author U.S. House of Representatives=Committee assignments= * Committee on Financial Services ** Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit ** Subcommittee on Monetary Policy and Trade =Caucus memberships= * Congressional Constitution Caucus (Co-Chair) Stutzman was elected in a November 2, 2010 special election to fill the rest of resigning Representative Mark Souder's term. He was simultaneously elected to a full two-year term to expire in 2013. Political positions CPAC in 2016 Stutzman consistently received 90% ratings or above from the Chamber of Commerce and other small business associations for his support of pro-business legislation. In 2008 he won the Small Business Champion Award from the Indiana Chamber of Commerce. He was cited as a Taxpayer Friendly State Legislators by Indiana WatchDog an independent, volunteer organization. He served as the ranking member of the Indiana State Senate Utilities and Technology Committee and helped to pass alternative energy incentive legislation in Indiana. In 2006 he served as the chairman of the Indiana Public Policy Committee taking strong stands for conservative values on controversial issues. =Government waste= Stutzman advocates for more accountability in state government operations. He co- authored a bill to establish the Hoosier Grace Commission which passed in 2003. The commission helped eliminate wasteful state government spending and has brought fraud and/or scandals to public awareness. =Education= Stutzman authored a bill that required more money to go directly to the classroom. The bill was instrumental in paying back the $600 million that was owed by state government to schools, and increased funding for students six years in a row. =Affordable Care Act= In Congress, Stutzman has opposed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. In September 2013, he advocated attaching a measure defunding the Act to must-pass legislation funding the federal government.'This is the line in the sand,' House Republicans say, by Lisa Mascaro, LA Times, 18 September 2013 After the government subsequently shut down, Stutzman remarked that the issue at stake was no longer merely the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and Republicans would need some concession in order to reopen the government. =Taxes= In 2010 Stutzman signed a pledge sponsored by Americans for Prosperity promising to vote against any Global Warming legislation that would raise taxes. Political campaigns=2010 U.S. Senate campaign= Stutzman ran for the U.S. Senate seat vacated by incumbent Evan Bayh. He lost to former U.S. Senator Dan Coats in the primary. =2010 U.S. House campaign= Incumbent U.S. Representative Mark Souder (R) resigned after admitting to an affair. This event occurred after he won the Republican primary on May 4. On June 12, Republicans from Indiana's third district met in Columbia City to choose Souder's replacement. Stutzman won decisively on the second ballot. He defeated the Democratic candidate in both the general election and the special election to fill the remainder of Souder's term (both held on the same day). =2012 U.S. House campaign= Stutzman defeated his Democratic opponent Kevin Boyd by a 67%–33% margin. = 2014 U.S. House campaign = Stutzman defeated his Democratic opponent Justin Kuhnle by 66% - 27% margin. Libertarian candidate Scott Wise received 7%. =2016 U.S. Senate campaign= Stutzman ran for a U.S. Senate seat in 2016. He was endorsed by the Club for Growth and Senator Rand Paul. Stutzman was defeated by fellow Republican Todd Young in the primary election. Electoral historyPersonal life Stutzman and his wife, Christy, have two sons, Payton and Preston. On May 8, 2018, Christy Stutzman won the Republican primary to represent Indiana's 49th State House district. On November 6, 2018, Christy was elected to the State House. ReferencesExternal links 1976 births Christians from Indiana Christians from Michigan Farmers from Indiana Indiana Republicans Indiana state senators Living people Members of the Indiana House of Representatives Members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana People from LaGrange County, Indiana People from Sturgis, Michigan Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Trine University alumni 21st- century American politicians "
"Sterling High School is a high school, located at 1608 Fourth Ave in Sterling, Illinois.It is one of the district's public schools. Notable alumni * Lew Andreas * Terry Brooks * Keith L. Brown * Leo J Wahl, founder of Wahl Clipper * Paul Zaeske, American football player * Malcolm Slaney, American electrical engineer and research scientist at Google ReferencesExternal links * Sterling High School website Public high schools in Illinois Schools in Whiteside County, Illinois "